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Chelsea Tsitsani mtolankhani wophatikizika wochokera ku Hargue, Netherlands ndi Wolemba Daydream: Kufuna Kwakukulu Kwambiri Kusintha Zimbudzi.
Makina apadera apadera amachotsa nayitrogeni ndi michere ina kuchokera mkodzo kuti igwiritse ntchito ngati feteleza ndi zinthu zina. Ngongole Yakufa: Mak / Georr Way / EoOS Pambuyo pake
Chilumba chachikulu kwambiri cha Sweden, chili ndi madzi abwino. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu amakhala atakumana ndi zoopsa zowonongeka chifukwa cha ulimi ndi machitidwe omwe akuyambitsa maluwa owopsa mozungulira Nyanja ya Baltic. Amatha kupha nsomba ndikupangitsa anthu kudwala.
Kuthandiza kuthetsa mavuto amtunduwu, chilumbachi chikuwonetsa ziyembekezo zake pazinthu zomwe sizingawapangitse: mkodzo.
Kuyambira mu 2021, gulu lofufuzira linayamba kugwira ntchito ndi kampani yomwe imabweza zimbudzi zonyamula. Cholinga ndikusonkhanitsa malita oposa 70,000 a mkodzo pazaka zitatu m'makope opanda madzi komanso zimbudzi zingapo malo oyendera alendo. Gululi linachokera ku University of Alimimini ya Zaulimi (slu) ku Upswala, zomwe zatsika kampani yotchedwa chimbudzi360. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe akatswiri ofufuzawo adaliko, adapukuta mkodzo kukhala ma cunks on ngati konkriti, omwe kenako amawombera ufa ndikupindika mu feteleza woyenera kwambiri. Alimi am'deralo amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza kuti akule barele, omwe amatumizidwa kwa abale kuti apange ale omwe angabwererenso pambuyo podyera.
Printi Simo, mankhwala mainjiniya ku Slu ndi Cto of Anthorather360, adati cholinga cha ofufuzawo ndikuti "sadutsa lingaliro la" mkodzo. Cholinga chake ndikupereka chitsanzo chomwe chingapangitse kuti chichitike padziko lonse lapansi. "Cholinga chathu ndi cha aliyense, kulikonse, kuti achite izi."
Poyesera ku Setland, mkodzo wokhala ndi umuna (kumanja) adafanizidwa ndi mbewu zosakanizidwa (pakatikati) ndikukhala ndi feteleza wa mchere (kumanzere). Ngongole: Jenna senecal.
Ntchito yaku Betland ndi gawo limodzi la ntchito yofananayo kuti ipature mkodzo kuchokera ku madzi ena ofiirira ndikukonzanso zinthu ngati feteleza. Mchitidwewo, womwe umadziwika kuti mkodzo, ukuphunzitsidwa ndi magulu ku United States, Australia, Switzerland, Ethiopia, ndi South Africa, pakati pa ena. Izi zoyesayesa zimaposa laboratories ya ku yunivesiti. Ma unyolo opanda madzi amalumikizidwa ndi makina otayika otayika maofesi ku Oregon ndi Netherlands. Paris Paris kukhazikitsa zimbudzi zopatutsa mkodzo mu Ecozone wopangidwa ndi anthu okwanira 14,000. Age yaku European Spacen Adzaika zimbudzi zokwana 80 ku likulu lake la paris, lomwe lidzayamba ntchito chaka chino. Makina a mkodzo amati akadatha kupeza madera omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi magulu ankhondo onyamula anthu othawa kwawo, malo olemera aku Trawain ndi sloms.
Asayansi amati mkodzo wa mkodzo, ngati utaperekedwa pamlingo waukulu padziko lonse lapansi, zitha kubweretsa zabwino zambiri pamikhalidwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Izi ndichifukwa choti mkodzo zimakhala ndi michere yomwe siyingadetse matupi amadzi ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizidwa ndi mbewu kapena njira zamakampani. Sida kuyerekezera kuti anthu amatulutsa mkodzo wokwanira kuti asinthe pafupi ndi kotala la nayitrogeni wamakono wa nayitrogeni wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mulinso ndi potaziyamu ndi zinthu zambiri zofufuza (onani "Englittunts mu mkodzo"). Zabwino kwambiri, posakamiza mkodzo kunsi, mumasunga madzi ambiri ndikuchepetsa dongosolo la ziweto komanso zowonongeka.
Malinga ndi akatswiri m'munda, zinthu zambiri zam'mikhalidwe zambiri zitha kupezeka mwamphamvu chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo pa zimbudzi ndi mikodzo atataya. Koma palinso zopinga zazikulu pakusintha kwakukulu mu gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'moyo. Ofufuzawo ndi makampani amafunika kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri, chifukwa chosintha mapangidwe a mkodzo-kupatutsa zimbudzi kuti apangitse mkodzo pokonzanso ndikusintha zinthu zofunika. Izi zitha kuphatikizira machitidwe othandizira mankhwala omwe amagwirizana ndi zimbudzi kapena zida zoyambira poyambira kumanga nyumbayo ndikuthandizira pakubwezeretsa chifukwa chokhazikika kapena chovuta (onani "kwa mkodzo wopanga"). Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zosinthira zosintha komanso zovomerezeka, zolumikizidwa ndi zopinga zazosiyanasiyana za zinyalala zamunthu komanso kumisonkhano yapamwamba yokhudza mafakitale a mafakitale.
Monga momwe gulu limakhalira ndi kuchepa mphamvu, madzi, ndi zinthu zophika za ulimi, mkodzo ndi njira yayikulu yothandizira. " . "Mitundu yomwe idzayamba kwambiri. Minnesota, anali purezidenti wakale wam'madzi ankhondo a ku Alexandria, VA., Gulu la anthu apadziko lonse lapansi. "Ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali."
Nthawi ina, mkodzo unali chinthu chamtengo wapatali. M'mbuyomu, magulu ena amagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza mbewu, kupanga zikopa, kuchapa zovala, ndikupanga mfuti. Kenako, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, njira zamakono zoyendetsera madzi zinyalala zamoto zinayamba ku Britain Great ndikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Mu mtundu uwu, zimbudzi zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi kuti akweretse mkodzo, ndowe, ndi pepala la kuchimbudzi, zomwe zimasakanizidwa ndi madzi ena, ndipo nthawi zina zimaphukira. Pakati pazinthu zamoto zamadzi zinyalala, njira zolimba kwambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa zinyalala.
Kutengera malamulo akomweko ndi mikhalidwe ya chomera, madzi otayika omwe atulutsidwa pamtunduwu atha kukhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi michere ina, komanso zina zodetsa nkhawa. 57% ya anthu padziko lapansi salumikizidwa ndi dongosolo la chimbudzi chachikulu.
Asayansi akuyesetsa kupanga mabungwe apakati komanso oyambira pang'ono, koma kuyambira ndi Sweden mu 1990s, ofufuza ena akukankha kusintha kwakukulu. Kupita patsogolo kwa mapaipiyi ndi "chisinthiko chabe pa chinthu chomwecho," anatero a Nancy chikondi, mainjiniya ku University of Michigan pa Anbor. Kupatutsa mkodzo udzakhala "wosinthika," akutero. Mu Phunziro 1, lomwe anayesa makina oyang'anira madzi zinyalala mu mayiko a US, iye ndi anzawo omwe amathandizidwa ndi matope omwe amathandizira mkodzo ndikugwiritsa ntchito michere m'malo mwa zopangidwa. Amayerekezera kuti madera akugwiritsa ntchito nmiyendo amachepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi 47% kumwa mankhwala pafupifupi 41%, kuwonongeka kwa michere kwa madzi otayika ndi 64%. Tekinoloje yogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komabe, lingaliro limakhalabe niche ndipo limangokhala malo okhala okhawokha monga midzi yaku Scandinavia, nyumba zakumidzi, komanso zomwe zimapezeka m'malo opeza ndalama zochepa.
Tove Larsen, mainjiniya amafuta ku Swiss Federal Institute Science Science Science ndi ukadaulo (eawag) ku Dübendog) ku Dübedorf, akuti zambiri zakumbuyo zimayamba chifukwa cha zimbudzi. Choyamba adadziwitsidwa kumsika mu 1990s ndi ma 2000s, zimbudzi zambiri zopatukiramo zimakhala ndi beseni laling'ono pamaso pawo kuti mutole madziwo, malo omwe amafunikira kusamala mosamala. Zojambula zina zimaphatikizapo malamba ogwiritsira ntchito mapazi omwe amalola mkombe kuti akhetse pomwe manyowa amatengedwa kupita ku kompositi, kapena masensa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma valve kuti asunthe mkodzo.
Chimbudzi cha prototype chomwe chimalekanitsa mkodzo ndikuwuritsa mu ufa ndikuyesedwa pakulu la madzi a kusesa a Swiden ndi Sedd Vad ku Malkö. Ngongole Yachithunzi: Eoos Kenako
Koma pokonzekera ntchito ku Europe, anthu sanagwiritse ntchito, Larsen adati, kudandaula kuti ndi ochulukirapo, onunkhira komanso osadalirika. "Tinaikidwadi ndi mutu wa zimbudzi."
Izi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zoyambirira zogwiritsa ntchito zimbudzi zopatuka, ntchito ku South Africa ku Ethewanini mu 2000s. Anthony Olili, yemwe amafufuza zaumoyo ku Yunivesite ya Kwazulu.
Matenda a kolera chiazi mu Ogasiti 2000, olamulira mwachangu adapereka malo angapo a utsogoleri omwe amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri komanso zothandiza, kuphatikizapo zimbudzi zoyatsa 80,000, zomwe zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano. Mkodzo umatulutsa m'nthaka kuchokera pansi pa chimbudzi, ndipo ndowe zimakhazikika pamalo osungira kuti mzindawu wapereka zaka zisanu kuyambira pa 2016.
Odili adati polojekiti yapanga malo otetezeka m'derali. Komabe, kafukufuku wa sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu wazindikira mavuto ambiri ndi pulogalamuyo. Ngakhale kuti zimbudzi zimakhala zabwinoko kuposa chilichonse, kafukufuku, kuphatikiza zina mwa maphunziro omwe adatenga nawo gawo, pambuyo pake adawonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amawakonda, Odili adati. Ambiri aiwo amangidwa ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri ndipo sangakhale omasuka kugwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale zimbudzi zoterezi zimapangitsa kuti fungo, mkodzo mu zimbudzi zambiri nthawi zambiri zimatha kusungirako zosungira, ndikupanga fungo loipa. Malinga ndi Odili, anthu "sakanatha kupumira mwachizolowezi." Komanso, mkodzo sakugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mapeto ake, malinga ndi Odili, lingaliro lobweretsa zimbudzi-zimbudzi zowuma ndi pamwamba ndipo sizinaganizire zomwe anthu amakonda, makamaka pazifukwa zathanzi. Phunziro la 2017 linapeza kuti ofunsidwa ndi a Ethekuni adafuna mwayi wokhala ndi zimbudzi zosavuta, zonunkhira zopanda mawonekedwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu olemera a mzindawo, ndipo ambiri adakonzekera kuwakhazikitsa pomwe zikhalidwe zololedwa. Ku South Africa, zimbudzi zakhala zikuwoneka ngati chizindikiro cha mtundu.
Komabe, kapangidwe katsopano katha kukhala kovuta pakukula kwamikodzo. Mu 2017, wopangidwa ndi wopanga Harald Grearl, mogwirizana ndi Larn ndi ena, opanga mapangidwe a ku Audos (adachotsa msampha wa mkodzo. Izi zimachotsa kufunika kwa wosuta kuti akwaniritse cholinga, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwa mkodzo kumatha kusawoneka (onani "chimbudzi chatsopano").
Imagwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chamadzi kuti chizimatira pansi (chotchedwa kuti ketot chifukwa cha ketulo yopanda kanthu) kuwongolera mkodzo kuchokera kutsogolo kwa chimbudzi (onani "Kodi Mungabwezeretse Mkota"). Opangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku Bill & Metanda Markece ku Seattle, Washington, omwe athandizira ochita bwino kwambiri pakupanga chimbudzi. Opangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku Bill & Metanda Markece ku Seattle, Washington, omwe athandizira ochita bwino kwambiri pakupanga chimbudzi. Opangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku Bill & Metanda Markece ku Seattle, Washington, yemwe wathandiza kafukufuku wamtundu wambiri, msampha wa mkodzo ukhoza kumangidwa pamitundu yamitundu iwiri.Miphika. Opangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku Bill & Metage Foumu ya Meding ku Seattle, Washington, yomwe imathandizira kufufuza kwakukulu muzatsopano, otola mkodzo akhoza kumangidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafilimu.Laufen wopanga wa Swiss watulutsa kale malonda "sungani!" Msika wa ku Europe, ngakhale mtengo wake ndiwokwera kwambiri kwa ogula ambiri.
Yunivesite ya Kwazulu-Natal ndi Ethekuni City Council ikuyesanso mikodzo yomwe imatha kusamilira mkodzo ndi kutulutsa nkhani ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Nthawiyi, phunziroli limayang'ana zambiri pa ogwiritsa ntchito. Odie ali ndi chiyembekezo choti anthu asankha zimbudzi zatsopano zakuchotsa chifukwa amanunkhira bwino ndipo sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito, koma sazindikira kuti abambo ayenera kukhala pansi, omwe ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwachikhalidwe. Koma zimbudzi "zimalandiridwanso ndi kutengedwa ndi oyandikana nawo kwambiri - ndi anthu ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana - ikuthandizadi kufalikira," adatero. "Nthawi zonse tiyenera kukhala ndi mandala amtundu," anawonjezera, kuti apange zomwe zikuwoneka kuti "zakuda" kapena "zosauka zokha."
Kupatukana kwa mkodzo ndi gawo loyamba posintha ukhondo. Gawo lotsatira ndikulinganiza zoyenera kuchita. M'madera akumidzi, anthu amatha kuzisunga mu miphika yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo kenako ndiyikenso ku minda. World Health Organisation imapanga malingaliro okhudza izi.
Koma malo akumatauni ndi ovuta kwambiri - izi ndi pomwe mkodzo umapangidwa. Sizingathandize kumanga zikwata zingapo pamzinda wonse kuti ziperekere mkodzo kumalo ena apakati. Ndipo chifukwa mkodzo ndi pafupifupi 95 peresenti yamadzi, ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuti zisungidwe ndi zoyendera. Chifukwa chake, ofufuza akuyang'ana kuyanika, kungoyang'ana, kapena mwanjira inayake zowonjezera michere ku mkodzo pamlingo wa chimbudzi kapena nyumba, kusiya madzi.
Sizikhala zosavuta, Larson anatero. Kuchokera kulowerera kwa ukadaulo, "piss ndi yankho loyipa," adatero. Kuphatikiza pamadzi, ambiri ndi urea, wolemera wa nayitrogeni kuti thupi limatulutsa ngati protein metabolism. Urea ndi wothandiza pa wake: Mtundu wopangidwa ndi feteleza wamba (onani zofuna za nayitrogeni). Komanso ndi chinyengo: mukaphatikizidwa ndi madzi, urea umatembenuka kukhala ammonia, omwe amapatsa mkodzo wokhala ndi fungo lake. Ngati sanatembenuke, ammonia amatha kununkhiza, kuipitsa mpweya, ndikuchotsa nayitrogeni wamtengo wapatali. Yogawidwa ndi ubiquitous enzyme urease, izi, zotchedwa urea hydrolysis, zimatha kutenga ma microsecond angapo, kupanga urese imodzi mwa zimbo zodziwika bwino zomwe zimadziwika.
Njira zina zimalola hydrolys kuti mupitirize. Ofufuzawo a Ehowag apanga njira zotsogola zomwe zimasandulika mkodzo wa hydrolyz. Choyamba, m'magulu a aquarium, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatembenukira kwa osinthika amoni kukhala ammonium nitrate, feteleza wamba. Wogulitsa ndiye amayang'ana madzi. Odalirika otchedwa Vuna, omwenso amachokera ku Dübendorf, akugwira ntchito yotsatsa dongosolo la nyumba ndi mankhwala otchedwa Aurin, omwe avomerezedwa ku Switzerland kuti akhale ndi chakudya chambiri padziko lapansi.
Ena amayesa kuletsa zomwe zimachitika mwachangu kapena kutsitsa pH ya mkodzo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasagwirizana ikakhala. Pa sukulu ya Yunivesite ya Michigan, chikondi chimakhala cholumikizidwa ndi dziko lopanda zambiri ku Bratleboro, Vermot, kukulitsa makina a cimbudzi omwe amachotsa zimbudzi ndi zimbudzi. Madzi amatuluka kuchokera ku makongo. Kenako mkodzo unkayang'aniridwa ndi kuzizira kobwerezabwereza komanso kupyam.
Gulu la slu lidatsogozedwa ndi injini ya injini ya BJOrn Winners pachilumba cha Betland adapanga njira yopukutira mkodzo wokhala ndi michere ina. Gululi likuwunikira prototype yawo yaposachedwa, chimbudzi cham'madzi chokhala ndi chowuma cholumikizidwa, pa likulu la madzi aku Sweden ndi Seader VA Syd ku Malkö.
Njira zina zimapangidwira michere ya pa mkodzo. Akhoza kukhala ophatikizidwa mosavuta kukhala maunyolo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo ndi mafakitale, amatero mankhwala injiniya William a Tarliam omwe ali ku Stanford University ku California.
Njira yodziwika bwino yobwezeretsa ma phosphoros ku mkodzo hydrolyded ndi kuwonjezera kwa magnesium, omwe amayambitsa magnesium, omwe amachititsa mpweya wa feteleza wotchedwa Vavite. Tarpeh akuyesera ndi ma granules a zinthu za Adsorbent zomwe zimatha kuchotsa nitrogen ngati ammonia6 kapena phosphorous monga phosphate. Dongosolo lake limagwiritsa ntchito madzi osiyanasiyana otchedwa Regenerant yomwe imayenda kudutsa mabaluni atatha. Kubwezeretsanso kumatenga michere ndikukonzanso mipira yotsatira. Ichi ndi njira yotsika kwambiri, yoperekera, koma masinthidwe amalonda ndi oyipa pachilengedwe. Tsopano timu yake ikuyesera kupanga zotsika mtengo komanso zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe (onani "kuwonongeka kwa mtsogolo").
Ofufuza ena akupanga njira zopezera magetsi poika mkodzo m'ma cell a mafuta. Ku Cape Town, South Africa, gulu lina lapanga njira yopangira njerwa zosatsutsika posakanikira mkodzo, mchenga ndi urease yopanga mabakiteriya mu nkhungu mu nkhungu. Amawerengera mawonekedwe aliwonse popanda kuwombera. Bungwe la European Spacen Agency likuganizira mkodzo wa anthu a nyenyezi ngati gwero lomanga nyumba pamwezi.
"Ndikaganizira za tsogolo lalikulu la mkodzo recyculing ndi kukonzanso madzi, tikufuna kupanga zinthu zambiri momwe zingatheke," Tarpeh adatero.
Monga ofufuzawo akamatsata malingaliro osiyanasiyana a mkodzo, akudziwa kuti ndi nkhondo yayikulu, makamaka kwa makampani obisalamo. Feteleza ndi makampani azakudya, alimi, opanga chimbudzi ndi olamulira achedwa kusintha zinthu zawo. "Pali ntchito zambiri pano," Simcha anati.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, kafukufukuyu ndi kukhazikitsa maphunziro a Laufen Sungani! Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa zomangamanga, kumanga ndi kutsatira malamulo a mu Aunicleant - ndipo sizidachitikabe kutengera injini zakuchipatala omwe tsopano amagwira ntchito ku West Virginia. Ananenanso kuti kusowa kwa malamulo omwe alipo ndi malamulo omwe adayambitsa mavuto kwa kasamalidwe ka malowa, motero adalowa mgululi lomwe limapanga ma code atsopano.
Gawo la Intertia lingakhale chifukwa choopa kukana kugula, koma kafukufuku wazaka 2022 adapeza kuti m'malo ngati France, China
Pam Elardo, omwe amatsogolera makonzedwe a zinyalala ngati Deraty Oyang'anira Chitetezo cha New York City, adati amathandizirana ndi zolinga zazikuluzikulu za kampani yake ndikuwonjezeranso kuwonongeka ndi kukonzanso. Akuyembekezera kuti mzinda wa New York, njira yothandiza kwambiri komanso yotsika mtengo yopatutsa mkodzo idzachotsedwa mu nyumba zapadziko lonse kapena nyumba zatsopano, zopangidwa ndi ntchito. Ayenera kuthana ndi vuto, "ayenera kugwira ntchito," adatero.
Posanja izi, Larn imalosera kuti kuphatikiza kwakukulu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso kwa ukadaulo kusiyanasiyana sikungakhale kutali. Izi zikuthandizanso kusintha kwa bizinesi kuti izisintha kusamalira zinyalala. Mitengo yamikodzo "ndi njira yolondola," adatero. "Uwu ndiye luso lokhalo lokha lomwe limatha kuthana ndi mavuto kunyumba munthawi yoyenera. Koma anthu ayenera kupanga malingaliro awo. "
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MKSize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, km, gounthen, tg & buckley, Madzi a Capley a Cit. MKSize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, km, gounthen, tg & buckley, Madzi a Capley a Cit.Mkhize n, taylor m, udert km, gounthen Tg. ndi Buckley, Madzi a Caj atsimikiza. MKSize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, km, gounthen, tg & buckley, Madzi a Capley a Cit. MKSize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, km, gounthen, tg & buckley, Madzi a Capley a Cit.Mkhize n, taylor m, udert km, gounthen Tg. ndi Buckley, Madzi a Caj atsimikiza.Kusinthana Mavuto 7, 111-120 (2017).
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