The Third Pole ndi nsanja yazinenero zambiri yoperekedwa kuti imvetsetse za madzi ndi zachilengedwe ku Asia.
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Kwa miyezi ingapo yapitayi, utsi wakhala ukutuluka m'machumuni akuluakulu kunja kwa mzinda wa Meerut ku Uttar Pradesh.Mafakitale a shuga m’chigawo chakumpoto kwa dziko la India amakonza lamba wautali wa mapesi a nzimbe m’nyengo yopera nzimbe, kuyambira October mpaka April.Zinyalala zamafakitale zonyowa zimatenthedwa kuti zipange magetsi, ndipo utsi wotulukapo umakhala pamalopo.Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za kuoneka ngati ntchito, nzimbe zogulitsira mafakitale zikuchepa kwenikweni.
Arun Kumar Singh, mlimi wa nzimbe wazaka 35 wochokera kumudzi wa Nanglamal, pafupifupi theka la ola kuchokera ku Meerut, ali ndi nkhawa.Munthawi yolima ya 2021-2022, nzimbe za Singh zidachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 30% - amayembekezera makilogalamu 140,000 pafamu yake yamahekitala 5, koma chaka chatha adapeza 100,000 kg.
Singh adadzudzula kutentha kwa chaka chatha, nyengo yamvula yosasinthika komanso kufalikira kwa tizilombo chifukwa chokolola movutikira.Kufunika kwakukulu kwa nzimbe kumalimbikitsa alimi kulima mitundu yatsopano yokolola koma yosasinthika, adatero.Poloza za munda wake, iye anati, “Mtundu umenewu unangoyamba kumene zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo ndipo umafunika madzi ambiri chaka chilichonse.Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, m’dera lathu mulibe madzi okwanira.”
Dera lozungulira Nanglamala ndi malo opangiramo ethanol kuchokera ku shuga ndipo lili m'chigawo chachikulu kwambiri cha India chomwe chimapanga nzimbe.Koma ku Uttar Pradesh ndi ku India konse, nzimbe zikuchepa.Pakadali pano, boma likufuna kuti mphero za nzimbe zigwiritse ntchito nzimbe zomwe zatsala kuti apange ethanol yambiri.
Ethanol imatha kupezeka kuchokera ku esters petrochemical kapena ku nzimbe, chimanga ndi tirigu, zomwe zimadziwika kuti bioethanol kapena biofuels.Chifukwa mbewu izi zitha kupangidwanso, mafuta achilengedwe amagawidwa ngati gwero lamphamvu zongowonjezera.
India imapanga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe amadyera.Mu nyengo ya 2021-22 idatulutsa matani 39.4 miliyoni a shuga.Malinga ndi boma, chakudya chapakhomo ndi pafupifupi matani 26 miliyoni pachaka.Kuyambira 2019, India yakhala ikulimbana ndi shuga wambiri potumiza kunja ambiri (matani opitilira 10 miliyoni chaka chatha), koma atumiki akuti ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kupanga ethanol chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti mafakitale amatha kupanga mwachangu.Lipirani ndikupeza ndalama zambiri.kuyenda.
India imatumizanso mafuta ochulukirapo: matani 185 miliyoni amafuta mu 2020-2021 okwana $ 55 biliyoni, malinga ndi lipoti la tanki ya boma ya Niti Aayog.Choncho, kusakaniza Mowa ndi mafuta akufunsidwa ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito shuga, yomwe siidya m'nyumba, pamene ikukwaniritsa ufulu wodziimira.Niti Aayog akuyerekeza kuti 20:80 kusakanikirana kwa ethanol ndi mafuta kudzapulumutsa dziko osachepera $ 4 biliyoni pachaka ndi 2025. Chaka chatha, India adagwiritsa ntchito matani 3.6 miliyoni, kapena pafupifupi 9 peresenti, ya shuga kuti apange ethanol, ndipo ikukonzekera kufikira matani 4.5-5 miliyoni mu 2022-2023.
Mu 2003, Boma la India linayambitsa pulogalamu ya mafuta a ethanol-blended (EBP) ndi cholinga choyambirira cha 5% ethanol blend.Pakali pano, ethanol imapanga pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya kusakaniza.Boma la India lakhazikitsa cholinga chofikira 20% pofika 2025-2026, ndipo mfundoyi ndiyopambana chifukwa "ithandiza India kulimbikitsa chitetezo champhamvu, kulola mabizinesi am'deralo ndi alimi kutenga nawo gawo pazachuma komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wamoto."kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafakitale a shuga ndi kukulitsa, kuyambira 2018 boma lakhala likupereka pulogalamu yothandizira ndi ndalama zothandizira ngongole.
"Zinthu za ethanol zimalimbikitsa kuyaka kwathunthu ndikuchepetsa mpweya wagalimoto monga ma hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide ndi ma particulates," boma lidatero, ndikuwonjezera kuti 20 peresenti ya ethanol mugalimoto yamawilo anayi ingachepetse mpweya wa monoxide ndi 30 peresenti ndikuchepetsa hydrocarbon. mpweya.pa 30%.20% poyerekeza ndi mafuta.
Akawotchedwa, Mowa umatulutsa mpweya wochepera 20-40% wa CO2 kuposa mafuta wamba ndipo ukhoza kuonedwa kuti salowerera ndale chifukwa mbewu zimayamwa CO2 zikamakula.
Komabe, akatswiri akuchenjeza kuti izi zimanyalanyaza mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa ethanol.Kafukufuku wa biofuel ku US chaka chatha adapeza kuti Mowa ukhoza kukhala wopitilira 24% wogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wambiri kuposa mafuta amafuta chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwapadziko lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.Kuyambira 2001, mahekitala 660,000 a malo ku India asinthidwa kukhala nzimbe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma.
"Mowa ukhoza kukhala wochuluka kwambiri wa carbon monga mafuta opangira mafuta chifukwa cha mpweya wa carbon kuchokera ku kusintha kwa ntchito ya nthaka kwa mbewu, chitukuko cha madzi ndi njira yonse yopangira ethanol," adatero Devinder Sharma, katswiri wa zaulimi ndi malonda.“Taonani ku Germany.Pozindikira izi, kulima monoculture tsopano kwagwa mphwayi.”
Akatswiri alinso ndi nkhawa kuti kukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito nzimbe kupanga ethanol kungasokoneze chitetezo cha chakudya.
Sudhir Panwar, wasayansi yaulimi ndiponso membala wakale wa State Planning Commission ya Uttar Pradesh, ananena kuti pamene mtengo wa nzimbe udzadalira kwambiri mafuta, “adzatchedwa mbewu ya mphamvu.”Izi, akuti, “zipangitsa kuti madera ambiri azilima mbewu imodzi, zomwe zichepetsa chonde m’nthaka komanso kuti mbewu zisawonongeke ndi tizilombo.Zidzabweretsanso kusowa kwa chakudya chifukwa nthaka ndi madzi zidzasinthidwa kukhala mbewu zopatsa mphamvu.
Ku Uttar Pradesh, akuluakulu a Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) ndi alimi a nzimbe a Uttar Pradesh adauza The Third Pole kuti malo akuluakulu pakali pano sakugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti nzimbe zikwaniritsidwe.M'malo mwake, iwo akuti, kuchuluka kwa zokolola kumabwera chifukwa cha zotsalira zomwe zilipo komanso kulima mozama.
Sonjoy Mohanty, CEO wa ISMA, adati kuchuluka kwa shuga ku India komwe kulipo kumatanthauza kuti "kufikira 20% blend ethanol chandamale sikungakhale vuto.""Kupita patsogolo, cholinga chathu sikuwonjezera malo, koma kuonjezera kupanga kuti tiwonjezere kupanga," anawonjezera.
Ngakhale kuti ndalama zothandizira boma komanso mitengo ya ethanol yapamwamba yapindula ndi mphero za shuga, mlimi wa Nanglamal Arun Kumar Singh adati alimi sanapindule ndi ndondomekoyi.
Nthawi zambiri nzimbe umalimidwa kuchokera ku zodulidwa ndipo zokolola zimachepa pakadutsa zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.Popeza mphero za shuga zimafuna kuchuluka kwa sucrose, alimi amalangizidwa kusintha mitundu yatsopano ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Singh adati kuonjezera kuwonongeka kwa nyengo monga kutentha kwa chaka chatha, mitundu ya pafamu yake yomwe amalimidwa ku India konse imafuna fetereza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo chaka chilichonse.“Chifukwa ndinapoperapo kamodzi kokha pa mbewu iliyonse, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuposa kamodzi, ndinapoperapo kasanu ndi kaŵiri chaka chino,” iye anatero.
“Botolo la mankhwala ophera tizilombo limawononga ndalama zokwana madola 22 ndipo limagwira ntchito pamalo okwana maekala atatu.Ndili ndi malo [maekala 30] ndipo ndikuyenera kuwapopera kasanu ndi kawiri kapena kasanu ndi katatu nyengo ino.Boma likhoza kuwonjezera phindu la chomera cha ethanol, koma timapeza chiyani.Mtengo wa nzimbe ndi wofanana, $4 peresenti [100 kg],” anatero Sundar Tomar, mlimi wina wa ku Nanglamal.
Sharma adati kupanga nzimbe kwathetsa madzi pansi kumadzulo kwa Uttar Pradesh, dera lomwe likukumana ndi kusintha kwa mvula komanso chilala.Mafakitale amawononganso mitsinje potaya zinthu zambiri zamoyo m’madzi: mphero za shuga ndi gwero lalikulu la madzi oipa m’boma.Popita nthawi, izi zipangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulima mbewu zina, adatero Sharma, ndikuwopseza chitetezo cha chakudya ku India.
"Ku Maharashtra, dziko lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limatulutsa nzimbe, 70 peresenti ya madzi amthirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima nzimbe, zomwe ndi 4 peresenti yokha ya zokolola za boma," adatero.
“Tayamba kupanga malita 37 miliyoni a ethanol pachaka ndipo talandira chilolezo chokulitsa kupanga.Kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola kwabweretsa ndalama zokhazikika kwa alimi.Tathiranso pafupifupi madzi onse otayira pafakitale,” atero a Rajendra Kandpal, CEO., Nanglamal sugar fakitale kufotokoza.
“Tiyenera kuphunzitsa alimi kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kusinthana ndi mthirira wa drip kapena sprinkler.Ponena za nzimbe, zomwe zimadya madzi ambiri, izi sizikudetsa nkhawa, chifukwa dziko la Uttar Pradesh lili ndi madzi ambiri. "Izi zidanenedwa ndi Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) Abinash Verma, CEO wakale.Verma adapanga ndikukhazikitsa mfundo zaboma zapakati pa shuga, nzimbe ndi ethanol, ndikutsegula mbewu yake yambewu ya ethanol ku Bihar mu 2022.
Poganizira malipoti a kuchepa kwa nzimbe ku India, Panwar anachenjeza kuti tisadzabwereze zimene Brazil zinakumana nazo mu 2009-2013, pamene nyengo yosasinthika inachititsa kuti nzimbe zichepe komanso kuti ethanol ikhale yochepa.
"Sitinganene kuti ethanol ndi yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, chifukwa cha ndalama zonse zomwe dziko liyenera kupanga popanga ethanol, kupanikizika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso momwe alimi amakhudzira thanzi," adatero Panwar.
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