Kafukufuku watsopano wapanyanja akuwonetsa kuti madzi osungunuka a Antarctica amachepetsa mafunde akuya omwe amakhudza kwambiri nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi.
Nyanja zapadziko lapansi zitha kuwoneka ngati zofananira mukamayang'ana pamtunda wa sitima kapena ndege, koma pali zambiri zomwe zikuchitika pansi. Mitsinje ikuluikulu imanyamula kutentha kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita ku Arctic ndi Antarctica, komwe madzi amazizira kenako amayendereranso ku equator. Anthu okhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja kum’maŵa kwa North America ndi ku Ulaya amadziŵa bwino za Gulf Stream. Popanda kutero, malo amenewa sakanakhala opanda anthu, koma akanakhala ozizira kwambiri kuposa mmene alili panopa.
Makanema awa akuwonetsa njira yapaipi yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mivi yabuluu imawonetsa njira yamadzi akuya, ozizira, owundana. Mivi yofiira imasonyeza njira ya madzi ofunda, osathina kwambiri. Akuti “paketi” yamadzi ingatenge zaka 1,000 kuti imalize ulendo wake kudzera pa lamba wapadziko lonse. Gwero la zithunzi: NOAA
Mafunde a m'nyanja, titero kunena kwake, ndi njira yoziziritsira galimoto. Ngati chilichonse chisokoneza kayendedwe kabwino ka zoziziritsa kukhosi, china chake cholakwika chitha kuchitika injini yanu. Zomwezo zimachitika padziko lapansi ngati mafunde a m'nyanja asokonezedwa. Sikuti amangothandiza kuwongolera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, komanso amapereka zakudya zofunika pazamoyo za m’madzi. Pamwambapa pali chithunzi choperekedwa ndi NOAA chomwe chimafotokoza momwe mafunde am'nyanja amagwirira ntchito. Pansipa pali kufotokozera kwapakamwa kwa NOAA.
"Thermohaline Circulation imayendetsa dongosolo lapadziko lonse la mafunde a m'nyanja otchedwa Global Conveyor." Lamba woyendetsa ndege umayambira pamwamba pa nyanja pafupi ndi mapiri a kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Kumeneko madzi amakhala ozizira chifukwa cha kutentha kwa Arctic. Amakhalanso amchere chifukwa madzi oundana a m'nyanja akapangika, mchere suundana ndipo umakhalabe m'madzi ozungulira. Kuchuluka kwa madzi pamwamba pamadzi m'malo mwa madzi akumira, kupanga mafunde.
“Madzi akuya ameneŵa amayenda cham’mwera, pakati pa makontinenti, kudutsa equator mpaka kumalekezero a Africa ndi South America. Mafunde a m’nyanjayi amayenda mozungulira m’mphepete mwa Antarctica, kumene madziwo amaziziranso n’kumira, monganso ku North Atlantic. Atasamukira ku Antarctica, magawo awiri amasiyana ndi lamba wodutsa ndikutembenukira kumpoto gawo limodzi lolowera ku Indian Ocean, ndipo gawo lina ku Pacific Ocean.
“Pamene tikuyenda chakumpoto moloza ku equator, mbali ziŵirizo zimagawanika, zimatenthedwa, ndipo zimacheperachepera pamene zikukwera pamwamba.” Kenako zimabwerera kum’mwera ndi kumadzulo ku South Atlantic ndipo potsirizira pake ku North Atlantic, kumene kuzungulirako kumayambiranso.
Malamba a conveyor amayenda pang'onopang'ono (masentimita ochepa pa sekondi iliyonse) kuposa mafunde amphepo kapena mafunde (masentimita khumi mpaka mazanamazana pa sekondi iliyonse) Akuti ma kiyubiki mita aliwonse amadzi amatenga pafupifupi zaka 1000 kuti amalize ulendo wake padziko lonse lapansi. wa Amazon River.
"Malamba a conveyor ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuyenda kwa michere ndi mpweya woipa m'nyanja zapadziko lapansi. Madzi ofunda amasokonekera chifukwa cha zakudya komanso mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, koma amapindulanso akamadutsa mu lamba wa conveyor ngati zigawo zakuya kapena gawo lapansi."
Kafukufuku watsopano wofalitsidwa pa March 29 m’magazini yotchedwa Nature akusonyeza kuti pamene Antarctica ikutentha, madzi ochokera m’madzi oundana osungunuka amatha kuchedwetsa mafunde aakulu a m’nyanja zikuluzikuluzi ndi 40 peresenti pofika chaka cha 2050. Chotsatira chake chidzakhala kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo ya Dziko lapansi kumene kulibe kwenikweni. Izi zimamveka bwino, koma zingayambitse chilala, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kukwera kwa nyanja. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kuchedwetsa kwa mafunde a m’nyanja kukhoza kusintha nyengo ya padziko lapansi kwa zaka zambiri. Izi, zikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kukwera mofulumira kwa nyanja, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuthekera kwa moyo wanjala wa m'nyanja popanda kupeza magwero ofunikira a zakudya.
Pulofesa Matt England, wa ku University of New South Wales 'Center for Climate Change Research komanso wolemba nawo kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature, adati nyanja yonse yakuya inali panjira yomwe ikuyandikira kugwa. “M’mbuyomu, panatenga zaka pafupifupi 1,000 kuti zinthu zimenezi zisinthe, koma tsopano pangotenga zaka makumi angapo. “
Kuchedwerako kwa mafunde akuya kwa nyanja kumabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi akumira pansi pa nyanja kenako ndikuyenda kumpoto. Dr Qian Li, yemwe kale anali wa University of New South Wales ndipo tsopano wa Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ndiye mlembi wamkulu wa phunziroli, lomwe linagwirizanitsidwa ndi England. Kugwa kwachuma “kudzasintha kwambiri mmene nyanja imachitira ndi kutentha, madzi opanda mpweya, mpweya, mpweya ndi zakudya, zomwe zidzakhudza nyanja zonse za padziko lapansi kwa zaka zambiri,” analemba motero olembawo. Chotsatira chimodzi chingakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwa mvula - Malo ena amapeza mvula yambiri ndipo ena amagwa pang'ono.
"Sitikufuna kupanga njira zodzithandizira m'malo awa," adatero Lee, ndikuwonjezera kuti kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwayimitsa nyanja yakuzama, ndikusiya mpweya. Zamoyo za m’nyanja zikafa, zimawonjezera zakudya m’madzi amene amamira pansi pa nyanja ndipo amazungulira m’nyanja zapadziko lonse. Zomangamangazi zimabwereranso zikamakula ndipo zimakhala ngati chakudya cha phytoplankton. Awa ndiye maziko a mndandanda wa zakudya zam'madzi.
Dr Steve Rintoul, katswiri wodziwa za nyanja ndi Southern Ocean ku Australian Government Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, adati pamene madzi a m'nyanja akuchepa, zakudya zochepa zimabwerera kumtunda kwa nyanja, zomwe zimakhudza kupanga phytoplankton. zaka zana.
"Kuzungulira kwakanthawi kochepa, titha kungoyiyambitsanso ndikuyimitsa kutulutsa kwa meltwater kuzungulira Antarctica, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti timafunikira nyengo yozizirira ndikudikirira kuti iyambirenso." Kupitilira kwathu mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera kutentha tikamadikirira, m'pamene timadzipereka kwambiri kuti tisinthe kwambiri. Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo zaka 20 zapitazo, tinkaganiza kuti nyanjayi idasintha kwambiri. anganene kuti ayi.”
Pulofesa Stefan Rahmstorf, katswiri wa zanyanja zam'madzi komanso mtsogoleri wofufuza za Earth system ku Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, adati kafukufuku watsopanoyu akuwonetsa kuti "nyengo yozungulira Antarctica ikuyenera kufooka kwambiri m'zaka zikubwerazi." Lipoti lalikulu la zanyengo la UN lili ndi “zolakwa zazikulu ndi zomwe zakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali” chifukwa silisonyeza mmene meltwater imakhudzira nyanja yakuya. “Madzi osungunukawo amasungunula mchere wa m’madera a m’nyanjayi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo asakhale owuma kwambiri moti sakhala ndi kulemera kokwanira kuti amire ndi kukankhira madziwo kale.”
Pamene kutentha kwapakati padziko lonse kukupitirira kukwera, pali mgwirizano pakati pa kuchepa kwa mafunde a m'nyanja ndi kufunikira kwa geoengineering kuti dziko lapansi likhale lozizira. Zonsezi zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zowononga miyoyo ya anthu m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi.
Njira yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi methane, koma atsogoleri a mayiko akhala akuchedwa kuti athetse vutoli chifukwa kuchita zimenezi kungapangitse kuti anthu ogulitsa mafuta azibwerera mmbuyo komanso mkwiyo wochokera kwa ogula omwe amadalira mafuta. Mafutawa amatenthetsa magalimoto, amatenthetsa nyumba komanso amayatsa intaneti.
Ngati dziko la United States likanakhala lofunitsitsa kupangitsa ogula kulipirira zotayika zobwera chifukwa cha kuwotcha mafuta, mtengo wa magetsi wochokera ku mafakitale opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha ukadawirikiza kawiri kapena katatu, ndipo mtengo wa petulo ukadaposa $10 pa galoni imodzi. Ngati zilizonse zomwe zili pamwambazi zichitika, ovota ambiri amakuwa ndikuvotera omwe akulonjeza kubweretsanso masiku abwino akale. M’mawu ena, ife mothekera tidzapitirizabe kulunjika ku tsogolo losatsimikizirika, ndipo ana athu ndi adzukulu adzavutika ndi zotulukapo za kulephera kwathu kuchita m’njira iriyonse yatanthauzo.
Pulofesa Rahmstorff adatinso chinthu china chodetsa nkhawa pakuchedwetsa kwa mafunde a m'nyanja chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi osungunuka ku Antarctica ndikuti kuchepa kwa mafunde akuya kungathenso kukhudza kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe ungasungidwe munyanja yakuya. Titha kuthandiza kuchepetsa vutoli pochepetsa mpweya wa carbon ndi methane, koma pali umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti maganizo a ndale ochita zimenezi alipo.
Steve akulemba za mphambano yaukadaulo komanso kukhazikika kuchokera kunyumba kwake ku Florida kapena kulikonse komwe mphamvu ingamutengere. Iye ankanyadira kuti “anadzuka” ndipo sankasamala chifukwa chimene galasilo linasweka. Iye amakhulupirira mwamphamvu mawu a Socrates, amene analankhulidwa zaka 3,000 zapitazo: “Chinsinsi cha kusintha ndicho kusumika nyonga yanu yonse, osati kulimbana ndi zakale, koma kumanga zatsopano.
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